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Battle of Rhode Island Site
The Battle of Rhode Island Site is the partially preserved location of the Battle of Rhode Island, fought August 29, 1778, during the American Revolutionary War. The battle took place in the town of Portsmouth, Rhode Island, located on Aquidneck Island north of Newport, and was the only major action of the war that took place in Rhode Island. It was also significant as the only battle of the war in which an entirely segregated unit of African-American soldiers fought. At the time of the action, the 1st Rhode Island Regiment consisted of companies of locally recruited African Americans, with white officers. The two main areas associated with the battle were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974.〔
==History==
(詳細はNewport, Rhode Island. Following the pivotal Battles of Saratoga in September and October 1777, France decided to enter the war as an ally of the United States. The two militaries then sought possibilities for working together to defeat the British in North America. The first significant effort in this regard took place in July 1778, when a French fleet commanded by the Comte d'Estaing arrived off the east coast of North America. Originally commanded to blockade Delaware Bay, d'Estaing altered is target to New York City after learning the British had evacuated the city of Philadelphia.〔Morrissey, p. 77〕 However, he concluded that the bar at the mouth of New York Harbor was such that his largest ships could not safely enter. As a result, French and American military leaders decided to operate instead against the British at Newport.〔Morrissey, p. 78〕
American Continental Army forces were dispatched to Rhode Island, and militia were raised from surrounding states to assist in the effort. A storm arose at a critical moment when the French and British fleets were about to do battle, scattering both fleets. By this time the American forces, led by Major General John Sullivan, had already occupied the northern end of Aquidneck Island. The French fleet withdrew on August 22 to Boston to repair, while Sullivan engaged in preliminary siege operations against Newport.〔Dearden, pp. 74–98〕
The French withdrawal prompted an exodus of militia from the American camp. Combined with news that a relief force was being organized by the British in New York, Sullivan decided to withdraw from Aquidneck Island. The British commander at Newport, Major General Robert Pigot, led his forces out of Newport in pursuit, and engaged the American forces in August 29 in the Battle of Rhode Island. The battle was tactically inconclusive in its outcome: The British failed to overwhelm the American force, which was able to continue its orderly retreat from the island.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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